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Ítem Acceso Abierto Socioeconomic aspects of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus(Elsevier Inc., 2016) González-Naranjo, L.A.; Ugarte-Gil, M.F.; Alarcón, G.S.Lower socioeconomic status (SES) can affect systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) outcomes by several possible mechanisms, such as inadequate access to quality care services, communication barriers, and malnutrition. SES should be systematically measured at the individual level (education, income, and occupation), as well as at the household and neighborhood levels. Lower SES has been associated with higher disease activity, mainly over the disease course, higher damage accrual, mortality, and disability. Furthermore, outcome differences between Caucasians and non-Caucasians are partially explained by socioeconomic factors. The association between non-Caucasian ethnicities and lower SES makes genetic and environmental risks difficult to disentangle. © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Ítem Acceso Abierto Autonomous search in constraint satisfaction via black hole: a performance evaluation using different choice functions(Springer Verlag, 2016) Soto, R.; Crawford, B.; Olivares, R.; Niklander, S.; Olguín, E.Autonomous Search is a modern technique aimed at introducing self-adjusting features to problem-solvers. In the context of constraint satisfaction, the idea is to let the solver engine to autonomously replace its solving strategies by more promising ones when poor performances are identified. The replacement is controlled by a choice function, which takes decisions based on information collected during solving time. However, the design of choice functions can be done in very different ways, leading of course to very different resolution processes. In this paper, we present a performance evaluation of 16 rigorously designed choice functions. Our goal is to provide new and interesting knowledge about the behavior of such functions in autonomous search architectures. To this end, we employ a set of well-known benchmarks that share general features that may be present on most constraint satisfaction and optimization problems. We believe this information will be useful in order to design better autonomous search systems for constraint satisfaction. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016.Ítem Acceso Abierto Epidemiology(Elsevier Inc., 2016) Ugarte-Gil, M.F.; Pons-Estel, G.J.; Alarcón, G.S.Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a disease distributed worldwide that occurs in both genders and across racial/ethnic and age groups; however, higher rates are observed in adults, women, and non-Caucasians. Genetic, environmental, sociodemographic, and methodological issues are responsible for these differences and for the variable course and outcome of the disease. Non-Caucasians may have more severe disease with a higher risk for early mortality and damage accrual. Males also may have a more severe disease; however, a negative impact of male gender on lupus outcomes has not been firmly established. Childhood onset is associated with a more severe disease; however, it is not associated with higher damage or diminished survival. Finally, late-onset lupus is associated with a mild disease but with higher damage accrual and a diminished survival. © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Ítem Acceso Abierto A diversity of biogeographies in an extreme amazonian wetland habitat(wiley, 2017) Householder, E.; Janovec, J.; Tobler, M.W.; Wittmann, F.Amazonian wetlands are subject to prolonged waterlogging, which is known to be a major determinant of local composition and species distributions. However, our understanding of which traits determine species distributions in Amazonian wetlands and how these traits evolved is still scant. Due to correspondence between species traits, the niche and biogeographic pattern, novel perspectives on wetland assembly processes might be gained by examining local assemblies within a biogeographic framework. Here, we consider a biogeographic framework to examine the response of woody plant assemblages to permanent waterlogging in seven lowland wetlands of peat substrate. We quantitatively examine the variability of biogeographic relations among co-existing species to show that many taxa in extreme wetlands are uncommon in surrounding forests, but rather have wider biogeographic affnities. We propose that a high diversity of biogeographic histories may provide ecologically differentiated taxa for the colonization of environmentally extreme habitats in Amazonia. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. All rights reserved.