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Ítem Acceso Abierto REDD+ en Latinoamérica: el caso de Perú [REDD+ in Latin America: the case of Peru](2013) Ladd, B.; Peri, P.L.The question of how developing countries like Peru can participate effectively in the REDD+ (reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation) policy initiative of the United Nations has been the focus of considerable debate recently. The aim of this study was to detect the main challenges associated with monitoring deforestation and forest degradation and also to analyze the policy challenges associated with implementing REDD in Peru. To participate effectively in this process, it is essential that the Peruvian national government formulates a national response since it is unlikely that provincial agencies managing natural resources will be able to develop the necessary expertise to carry out effective monitoring, reporting and verification, and because the underlying factors driving deforestation will require a large investment and a coordinated response at the country level.Ítem Acceso Abierto Systemic lupus erythematosus: a therapeutic challenge for the XXI century(Springer-Verlag London Ltd, 2014) Ugarte-Gil, M.F.; Alarcón, G.S.Despite significant advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), there are only a few drugs approved by the regulatory agencies across the world for the treatment of these patients; in fact, many of the compounds subjected to clinical trials have failed in achieving their primary endpoints. Current therapeutic options include antimalarials which should be used in all SLE patients unless they are strongly contraindicated, glucocorticoids which should be used at the lowest possible dose and for the shortest possible time, and immunosuppressive drugs which should be used judiciously, mainly in patients with severe organ involvements or receiving high doses of steroids to control their disease. Despite improvement on the survival of SLE patients, damage accrual has not varied over the last few decades, reflecting a gap between these therapeutic options and the expectations of these patients and their treating physicians. Biologic compounds can be used in some refractory cases. However, their cost is of great concern for both the patients and the health system. Cost is of special importance in low-income countries, because low-income SLE patients tend to experience a more severe disease having an overall worse prognosis which is compounded by their limited access to the health system. Although a treatment to target based on defined molecular pathways for specific disease subsets is appealing, this is not yet a reality. This review addressed current therapeutic options for SLE patients and the state of the art of investigational drugs targeting pathogenic pathways identified in these patients. © 2014 Clinical Rheumatology.Ítem Acceso Abierto Therapeutic actions of the thiazolidinediones in Alzheimer's disease(Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2015) Pérez, M.J.; Quintanilla, R.A.Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial metabolic brain disorder characterized by protein aggregates, synaptic failure, and cognitive impairment. In the AD brain is common to observe the accumulation of senile plaques formed by amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide and the neurofibrillary tangles composed of modified tau protein, which both lead to cellular damage and progressive neurodegeneration. Currently, there is no effective therapy for AD; however several studies have shown that the treatments with the peroxisome proliferators activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) agonists known as thiazolidinedione drugs (TZDs), like rosiglitazone and pioglitazone, attenuate neurodegeneration and improve cognition in mouse models and patients with mild-to-moderate AD. Furthermore, studies on animal models have shown that TZDs inhibit neuroinflammation, facilitate amyloid-β plaque clearance, enhance mitochondrial function, improve synaptic plasticity, and, more recently, attenuate tau hyperphosphorylation. How TZDs may improve or reduce these pathologic signs of AD and what the mechanisms and the implicated pathways in which these drugs work are are questions that remain to be answered. However, in this review, we will discuss several cellular targets, in which TZDs can be acting against the neurodegeneration. © 2015 María José Pérez and Rodrigo A. Quintanilla.Ítem Acceso Abierto Relevance of the carotid body chemoreflex in the progression of heart failure(Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2015) Andrade, D.C.; Lucero, C.; Toledo, C.; Madrid, C.; Marcus, N.J.; Schultz, H.D.; Del Rio, R.Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a global health problem affecting millions of people. Autonomic dysfunction and disordered breathing patterns are commonly observed in patients with CHF, and both are strongly related to poor prognosis and high mortality risk. Tonic activation of carotid body (CB) chemoreceptors contributes to sympathoexcitation and disordered breathing patterns in experimental models of CHF. Recent studies show that ablation of the CB chemoreceptors improves autonomic function and breathing control in CHF and improves survival. These exciting findings indicate that alterations in CB function are critical to the progression of CHF. Therefore, better understanding of the physiology of the CB chemoreflex in CHF could lead to improvements in current treatments and clinical management of patients with CHF characterized by high chemosensitivity. Accordingly, the main focus of this brief review is to summarize current knowledge of CB chemoreflex function in different experimental models of CHF and to comment on their potential translation to treatment of human CHF. © 2015 David C. Andrade et al.Ítem Acceso Abierto Neuroprotective effects of the catalytic subunit of telomerase: a potential therapeutic target in the central nervous system(Elsevier Ireland Ltd, 2016) González-Giraldo, Y.; Forero, D.A.; Echeverria, V.; Gonzalez, J.; Ávila-Rodriguez, M.; Garcia-Segura, L.M.; Barreto, G.E.Senescence plays an important role in neurodegenerative diseases and involves key molecular changes induced by several mechanisms such as oxidative stress, telomere shortening and DNA damage. Potential therapeutic strategies directed to counteract these molecular changes are of great interest for the prevention of the neurodegenerative process. Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein composed of a catalytic subunit (TERT) and a RNA subunit (TERC). It is known that the telomerase is involved in the maintenance of telomere length and is a highly expressed protein in embryonic stages and decreases in adult cells. In the last decade, a growing number of studies have shown that TERT has neuroprotective effects in cellular and animal models after a brain injury. Significantly, differences in TERT expression between controls and patients with major depressive disorder have been observed. More recently, TERT has been associated with the decrease in reactive oxygen species and DNA protection in mitochondria of neurons. In this review, we highlight the role of TERT in some neurodegenerative disorders and discuss some studies focusing on this protein as a potential target for neuroprotective therapies. © 2016 Elsevier B.V.Ítem Acceso Abierto Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: Report and literature review on two cases requiring prolonged treatment(Medical Science International, 2016) Matos-Tocasca, M.; de La Cruz-Ku, G.; Auccacusi, E.; Fernandez-Salas, D.; García-Ahuanari, T.; Valcarcel-Valdivia, B.Objective: Unusual clinical course Background: Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) is a global problem due to the high morbidity and mortality it causes. Peru is one of the countries with the highest numbers of cases of XDR-TB, which increase every year. Case Report: We present the case of two siblings who developed XDR-TB, underwent surgery twice, and were in individualized treatment for more than 6 years. Finally they achieved remission of symptoms, despite not having standardized treatment schemes during their diagnosis period. Conclusions: Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis can be cured with a treatment that involves both medical care and patient actions to achieve remission of the disease. © Am J Case Rep.Ítem Acceso Abierto Diseño, construcción y validación inicial de un instrumento de medición para la evaluación de resúmenes para presentaciones en congresos [Assessment of summaries presented in congresses. Study of validation](Sociedad de Cirujanos de Chile, 2016) Manterola, C.; Otzen, T.Objective: The aim of this article is to present the new instrument for evaluating congress abstracts of SCCh, in use from 2014, so as to standardize its application item by item. Material and method: Two-stage study with qualitative methodology for generating items and construction of the measuring instrument. In the first stage a collection of items was based on a review of the literature. In the second, the instrument was built by applying reduction items through a panel of experts. Thus, content validity was determined. The expert panel consisted of 6 members. Three clinical epidemiologists and three members of the SCCh. All with Master’s degree or PhD and research experience. Qualitative strategy is applied by Delphi technique; after the draft was presented to a panel of experts other than the above, at a meeting of ad-hoc working group, organized by the SCCh; at which time the proposal was discussed, the wording of items and domains was refined based on examples and the final instrument defined. Results: The items generated in the first stage (n = 15), who finished with the second draft; were grouped into 5 domains: introduction, material and method, results, conclusion, importance, originality and interest of the study; and overall presentation. When applying the questionnaire to the second panel of experts, a reduction items was generated and an item is added. Thus, the final instrument was composed of 10 items, grouped into 6 domains was constructed. Conclusion: A detailed description of the scale and guidelines for its implementation is presented, which will confer adequate reliability of the measurements. © 2016 Sociedad de Cirujanos de Chile.Ítem Acceso Abierto Factores sociolaborales asociados al riesgo cardiovascular según el score de Framingham en trabajadores de Lima, 2015 [Social-occupational factors associated with cardiovascular risk according to Framingham score in workers in Lima, 2015](Sociedad Argentina de Endocrinologia y Metabolismo, 2016) Mejia, C.R.; Chacón, J.I.; Cavero, M.; Orihuela, R.; Orihuela, E.Objective: To determine the social-occupational factors associated with cardiovascular risk in a population of workers of healthy private health insurance company in Lima, Peru. Methods: A cross-sectional study of secondary data from the data of workers who were seen in an institution as part of their occupational examinations. The Framingham score was used to determine the risk of having a cardiovascular event at 10 years. This score was also analysed along with other social and occupational variables were taken and shown in two populations (< 30 years or ≥30 years, according to score criteria). Statistical association was determined using generalised linear models. Results: Of the 4,134 workers examined, 71.4% (2,950) were men, and the median age was 35 years (range 18-73 years old). More than two-thirds (39%, 1,613) of workers had a low risk to minimum risk. In the multivariate statistics on those < 30 years: Male gender (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR]: 7.53; 95% CI: 7.01-8.09) and body mass index (aPR: 1.02; 95% CI: 1.01- 1.04) increased the frequency of cardiovascular risk. For workers ≥ 30 years: Male gender (aPR: 2.78; 95% CI: 2.41-3.20), the body mass index (aPR: 1.01; 95% CI: 1.001-1.014), the notsingle marital status (aPR: 1.14; 95% CI: 1.08-1.21) and being an administrative worker (aPR: 1.06; 95% CI: 1.01-1.13) increased the frequency of cardiovascular risk. Conclusions: There are some social-occupational factors that influence cardiovascular risk. These results can be used for occupational medicine, proper monitoring, and improving lifestyles in the workers. © 2016 Sociedad Argentina de Endocrinología y Metabolismo.Ítem Acceso Abierto Carotid body chemoreceptors, sympathetic neural activation, and cardiometabolic disease(2016) Iturriaga, R.; Del Rio, R.; Idiaquez, J.; Somers, V.K.The carotid body (CB) is the main peripheral chemoreceptor that senses the arterial PO2, PCO2 and pH. In response to hypoxemia, hypercapnia and acidosis, carotid chemosensory discharge elicits reflex respiratory, autonomic and cardiovascular adjustments. The classical construct considers the CB as the main peripheral oxygen sensor, triggering reflex physiological responses to acute hypoxemia and facilitating the ventilatory acclimation to chronic hypoxemia at high altitude. However, a growing body of experimental evidence supports the novel concept that an abnormally enhanced CB chemosensory input to the brainstem contributes to overactivation of the sympathetic nervous system, and consequent pathology. Indeed, the CB has been implicated in several diseases associated with increases in central sympathetic outflow. These include hypertension, heart failure, sleep apnea, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and metabolic syndrome. Indeed, ablation of the CB has been proposed for the treatment of severe and resistant hypertension in humans. In this review, we will analyze and discuss new evidence supporting an important role for the CB chemoreceptor in the progression of autonomic and cardiorespiratory alterations induced by heart failure, obstructive sleep apnea, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and metabolic syndrome.Ítem Acceso Abierto Determinación in vitro de la actividad antimicótica del Aceite de Romero (Rosmarinus officinalis) sobre Microsporum canis [In vitro determination antifungal activity of rosemary oil (Rosmarinus officinalis) on Microsporum canis](Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2017) Dentone, S.; Cauti, S.M.The aim of this study was to determine the antifungal in vitro activity of rosemary oil (Rosmarinus officinalis) against Microsporum canis. A strain of M. canis was isolated from clinical samples. The rosemary oil was obtained by the method of steam distillation with a purity of 100%. By the well diffusion method the strain of M. canis was faced against eight concentrations of rosemary oil (250, 500, 1000, 2000, 5000, 10 000, 50 000 and 100 000 ppm). The results showed an adequate sensitivity of M. canis at a concentration of 50 000 ppm onwards.Ítem Acceso Abierto Microplastics in the Antarctic marine system: an emerging area of research(Elsevier B.V., 2017) Waller, C.L.; Griffiths H.J.; Waluda, C.M.; Thorpe, S.E.; Loaiza, I.; Moreno, B.; Pacherres, C.O.; Hughes, K.A.It was thought that the Southern Ocean was relatively free of microplastic contamination; however, recent studies and citizen science projects in the Southern Ocean have reported microplastics in deep-sea sediments and surface waters. Here we reviewed available information on microplastics (including macroplastics as a source of microplastics) in the Southern Ocean. We estimated primary microplastic concentrations from personal care products and laundry, and identified potential sources and routes of transmission into the region. Estimates showed the levels of microplastic pollution released into the region from ships and scientific research stations were likely to be negligible at the scale of the Southern Ocean, but may be significant on a local scale. This was demonstrated by the detection of the first microplastics in shallow benthic sediments close to a number of research stations on King George Island. Furthermore, our predictions of primary microplastic concentrations from local sources were five orders of magnitude lower than levels reported in published sampling surveys (assuming an even dispersal at the ocean surface). Sea surface transfer from lower latitudes may contribute, at an as yet unknown level, to Southern Ocean plastic concentrations. Acknowledging the lack of data describing microplastic origins, concentrations, distribution and impacts in the Southern Ocean, we highlight the urgent need for research, and call for routine, standardised monitoring in the Antarctic marine system. © 2017Ítem Acceso Abierto Determinación de serotipos de Escherichia coli aisladas de crías de alpacas (Vicugna pacos) con y sin diarrea en Huancavelica [Determination of Escherichia coli serotypes isolated from baby alpacas (Vicugna pacos) with and without diarrhea in Huancavelica](Veterinary Organization, 2017) Siever Morales, C.; Eileen Siu, C.; Pablo Ramírez, R.; Armando Navarro, O.The aim of this study was to isolate, identify and Escherichia coli serotype strains from samples of rectal swabs of baby alpacas with and without diarrhea from Huancavelica. The sampling was performed by rectal swabs of 150 baby alpaca, Escherichia coli was isolated from 47.78 % (43/90) of alpacas with diarrhea , and 58.33 % (35/60) without diarrhea; The isolation was performed on MacConkey agar, identification by conventional biochemical tests, such as fermentation of glucose, lactose; acid production from glucose, urease production, Vorges Proskauer, phenyl alanine, mobility, utilization malonate and Simmons citrate; decarboxylation of lysine and ornithine; and gluconic acid oxidation. Serotyping was developed by Kauffman agglutination method of somatic antigen (O) and flagellar (H) with specific antisera and graduates. 46 different serotypes were identified, O8:H8 , O105ab:H8 and O22:H1, serotypes were identified in 9.3 % percentages of each ones, as most commonly isolated from animals with diarrhea; O8:H9 , O8:H8 and O170:H7 in percentages of 14.29 % , 8.57% and 8.57% respectively, isolated from animals without diarrhea. Serotypes were isolated in both groups of individuals are O8:H9, O8:H8, 105ab:H8, O170:H7, O157:H19, in percentages of 10.26 %, 8.97%, 7.69%, 6.41% and 2.56 %, respectively. Statistical analysis, no significant difference (p>0.05) between the identification of serotypes and health condition of the animals was found.Ítem Acceso Abierto WAs childe an orientalist? An updated view of gordon childe's the dawn of european civilization and new light of the most ancient east(Muzeul Municipal Ioan Raica Sebes, 2017) Mesia-Montenegro, C.This paper intends to provide an updated view of two essential books written by Vere Gordon Childe, The Dawn of European Civilization and New Light on the Most Ancient East, while trying to answer the following question: was Childe an Orientalist? In trying to answer this question I explore both books using the definitions provided by Edward Said in his book Orientalism, in which he analyses scholarly Western attitudes towards the East, and the way Western scholars embedded their cultural biases when explaining "Oriental culture" (and its material and nonmaterial manifestations. As a conceptual method of analysis, a deductive model is provided in order to answer this question. © 2017 Muzeul Municipal Ioan Raica Sebes. All rights reserved.Ítem Solo Metadatos Factors affecting quality of life in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: important considerations and potential interventions(Taylor and Francis Ltd, 2018)Introduction: Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have a better survival than decades ago; nevertheless, they still experience a low health-related (HR) quality of life (QoL). Areas covered: After defining QoL and HRQoL, we review the need to assess it, its elements, how to measure it, its predictors, and its impact and potential interventions to improve it. Expert commentary: Physicians assessments of disease activity and damage do not capture the patients’ perspective of their health, and these differences could lead to nonadherence to therapy. Based on that, a comprehensive evaluation of SLE should include the assessment of HRQoL or the sum of the physical, psychological, and social perception of wellbeing, influenced by the patient’s illness. The most consistent predictors of low HRQoL are older age, poverty, lower educational level, behavioral issues, some clinical manifestations, and comorbidities. HRQoL impacts negatively on dealing with stress, intimal relationship, home and job-related activities, and treatment adherence. At the present, there are no successful specific therapeutic strategies aimed at improving it. © 2018, © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.Ítem Solo Metadatos Por qué los Humedales de Puerto Viejo perdieron su protección legal: analizando los motivos [Why the Wetlands of Puerto Viejo did loses its legal protection: analyzing the motives](Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2018)Puerto Viejo wetlands is a coastal marine ecosystem southern of Lima. Since 2008, this wetlands was protected by the Peruvian State and declared a Wetland Reserved Zone of Puerto Viejo, a transitory category provided by SINANPE (Sistema Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas por el Estado). In April 2017, a Ministerial Resolution did reversal [desafectación] the transitory protection of Puerto Viejo Wetlands, losing the category of Reserved Zone and being legally unprotected. The present work analyzes and discusses the technical criteria for the reversal (representativeness, efficiency, consistency, connectivity, equilibrium, complementarity and external coherence) that were applied to Puerto Viejo Wetland. © Los autores.Ítem Acceso Abierto Ingesta de arsénico: el impacto en la alimentación y la salud humana [Arsenic intake: impact in human nutrition and health](Instituto Nacional de Salud, 2018) Medina-Pizzali, M.L.; Robles, P.; Mendoza, M.; Torres, C.Arsenic is an element that is widely distributed throughout the environment. Its compounds are mainly in the state of pentavalent and trivalent oxidation; and in inorganic and organic forms. Arsenical species vary in their degree of toxicity, with inorganic compounds being more toxic than organic and trivalent compounds more toxic than pentavalent compounds. There would be interconversion between the less toxic species and other more toxic species and the cooking and processing methods could affect it. Arsenic is a carcinogenic agent and causes multiple negative effects on human health in the short and long term. Non-occupational human exposure to arsenic occurs mainly through water and food. The regulation is variable for each country and is based on WHO standards, the Codex Alimentarius, and the European Union. Many studies focus on determining the total arsenic content but do not identify arsenical species in foods. Globally, fish and seafood, chicken, meat, rice, and seaweed have high levels of arsenic. In Peru, there are few studies on total arsenic content and arsenical species in food despite the fact that we have areas with high levels of environmental contamination. The objective of this review is to discuss exposure to arsenic through food and water intake, related regulations, toxicity, consequences on human health and main foods that contribute to its intake. © 2018, Instituto Nacional de Salud. All rights reserved.Ítem Solo Metadatos Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) "abeja melífera" y su uso como bioindicadora para la evaluación de riesgos por plaguicidas [Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) "honey bee" and its use as a bioindicator for the risk evaluation for pesticides](Veterinary Organization, 2018)Pollinators are crucial in the functioning of almost all terrestrial ecosystems including agroecosystems. Many insecticides are toxic to domestic bees in oral and contact tests. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the impact of pesticides on the honey bee Apis mellifera (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Five synthetic pesticides were used, two formulated (chlorpyrifos and fenthion) and three technical grades (kresoxim-methyl, lufenuron and pendimetalin) on acute oral and contact toxicity at 48 h of exposure following international standardized guidelines. The dose-response relationship was verified through the probit analysis. The Oral and Contact Risk Quotient (QH) was greater than 50 for the evaluation of risk by pesticides only for fenthion and chlorpyrifos, which indicated a high risk in the honeybee. Kresoxim-methyl, lufenuron and pendimethalin did not cause the honey bee risk because they presented values of risk ratio less than 50. It is not recommended to use fenthion and chlorpyrifos when the pollinating activity of bees is high in the agricultural crop. © 2018 (Nat.Inform.Document.Centre). All rights reserved.Ítem Solo Metadatos Células madre del cáncer: su participación en el cáncer mamario triple negativo [Cancer stem cells: their participation in triple negative breast cancer](Sociedad Venezolana de Oncologia, 2018)The breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in women in the worldwide and it is considered as a public health problem. It is a heterogeneous disease with a high degree of diversity within the tumor, among tumors and also between in the patients. Within the subtypes of the breast cancer, the triple negative type is one of the most devastating cancers, with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Its current treatment is a challenge due to the loss of targets. The carcinogenesis that prevails today is based on the stochastic model, but recently, the cancer stem cell model is an alternative theory that proposed that there is a sub-population of the cancer cells capable of self-renewal and the multiline age differentiation which is responsible of the tumor regeneration, that could explain the heterogeneous lineages of the cancer cells and thus may play an important role in the initiation, the maintenance and the dissemination of cancer. In this work paper we review the most relevant current knowledge about the cancer stem cells in the triple negative breast cancer tumor subtype, focusing on the markers used to identify these cell populations and their use as a prognostic indicator of this disease, as well as their possible the participation in the carcinogenesis of this type of the breast cancer. © 2018 Sociedad Venezolana de Oncologia. All rights reserved.Ítem Solo Metadatos Corporate impunity in Taucamarca: 19 years on, still no justice(Cambridge University Press, 2019)Ítem Solo Metadatos Composition, structure and plant diversity of the Loma Alta Communal Ecological Reserve, Santa Elena, Ecuador [Composición, estructura y diversidad vegetal de la Reserva Ecológica Comunal Loma Alta, Santa Elena, Ecuador](Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 2019)The objective was to analyze the composition, structure and floristic diversity of Loma Alta at three altitudes (164, 300, and 466 m asl) following the Gentry method. We registered 283 species, with Fabaceae (26 spp.) being the most specious family; of these, 101 spp. (36%) are endemic and 87 spp. (31%) belong to some conservation status (including Oreanthes ecuadorensis as Critically Endangered). The structure was composed of 6 diametric classes, concentrating 81% of the individuals, and 7 altimetric classes, grouping 62%, both in the first category. Three types of vegetation were determined: a) dry forest with Xylosma benthamii; b) transitional forest with Gustavia serrata, and c) Garua forest with Rhodostemonodaphne kunthiana as the ecologically representative species. The diversity measured from the richness species was higher (37 spp.) for the transitional forest, the average heterogeneity was higher (H’ = 2.40 nats/ind) for the garua forest, and the average dominance was higher (D = 0.25) for the dry forest. The results provide evidence that can be used to strengthen the environmental management of the protected area at the local and regional level, considering that each forest was highlighted by a characteristic, such as richness, heterogeneity and dominance. © 2019 Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. All rights reserved.